To continue further, there was no way the planes would have enough fuel to return the carrier. The hope was that they could continue on and land safely in China. None did. All but one crashed.
Had they waited 200 miles more before taking off, the outcome would have perhaps been better. But the carrier was spotted and surpise would be lost so they took off earlier than they had planned.
Without catapults, in order to achieve take off, the carrier turned into the wind at flank speed. The heavily loaded planes tended to sink a bit as they left the deck, skimming the waves.
Since they were to travel in tight formation, timing of takeoffs was paramount as those airborne had to circle and burn precious fuel whilst the rest made takeoffs. Radio silence meant they had to remain visible to each other so just heading for Japan was not an option