I can't say for the others on the list but the 47% stated for England is the maximum tax rate on earnings over 150K pounds. I believe that the lowest tax rate is 20% but the threashhold is pretty low, about 12K pounds, and increases quickly. Also remember that National Insurance (Soc Sec) accounts for an additional 12% of your paycheck.
Yes, VAT is 20% and is levied on almost everything. There are a few exceptions. It's not just a consumer tax but also a supplier tax. When you buy something you don't just pay the 20% as an end user. You're also paying the 20% that the retailer had to pay for it, the 20% that the distributer had to pay, the 20% that the manufacturer had to pay for the materials and so on. The end result is that you, the consumer, pay a darned sight more than 20% VAT because you are picking up the VAT for every step of the retail and manufacturing process.
And yes, petrol (gas) is $6 a gallon but that may be for an Imperial gallon which is larger than a US gallon.