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THE CAUSES OF THE UNCIVIL WAR

Bamby

New member
It may take some researching but the principal of the article does seem realistically acceptable....

UNDERSTANDING THE CAUSES OF THE UNCIVIL WAR

A Brief Explanation of the Impact of the Morrill Tariff
By Mike Scruggs for the Tribune Papers

Most Americans believe the U. S. “Civil War” was over slavery. They have to an enormous degree been miseducated. The means and timing of handling the slavery issue were at issue, although not in the overly simplified moral sense that lives in postwar and modern propaganda. But had there been no Morrill Tariff there might never have been a war. The conflict that cost of the lives of 650,000 Union and Confederate soldiers and perhaps as many as 50,000 Southern civilians and impoverished many millions for generations might never have been.

A smoldering issue of unjust taxation that enriched Northern manufacturing states and exploited the agricultural South was fanned to a furious blaze in 1860. It was the Morrill Tariff that stirred the smoldering embers of regional mistrust and ignited the fires of Secession in the South. This precipitated a Northern reaction and call to arms that would engulf the nation in the flames of war for four years.

Prior to the U. S. “Civil War” there was no U. S. income tax. Considerably more than 90% of U. S. government revenue was raised by a tariff on imported goods. A tariff is a tax on selected imports, most commonly finished or manufactured products. A high tariff is usually legislated not only to raise revenue, but also to protect domestic industry form foreign competition. By placing such a high, protective tariff on imported goods it makes them more expensive to buy than the same domestic goods. This allows domestic industries to charge higher prices and make more money on sales that might otherwise be lost to foreign competition because of cheaper prices (without the tariff) or better quality. This, of course, causes domestic consumers to pay higher prices and have a lower standard of living. Tariffs on some industrial products also hurt other domestic industries that must pay higher prices for goods they need to make their products. Because the nature and products of regional economies can vary widely, high tariffs are sometimes good for one section of the country, but damaging to another section of the country. High tariffs are particularly hard on exporters since they must cope with higher domestic costs and retaliatory foreign tariffs that put them at a pricing disadvantage. This has a depressing effect on both export volume and profit margins. High tariffs have been a frequent cause of economic disruption, strife and war.

Prior to 1824 the average tariff level in the U. S. had been in the 15 to 20 % range. This was thought sufficient to meet federal revenue needs and not excessively burdensome to any section of the country. The increase of the tariff to a 20% average in 1816 was ostensibly to help pay for the War of 1812. It also represented a 26% net profit increase to Northern manufacturers.

In 1824 Northern manufacturing states and the Whig Party under the leadership of Henry Clay began to push for high, protective tariffs. These were strongly opposed by the South. The Southern economy was largely agricultural and geared to exporting a large portion of its cotton and tobacco crops to Europe. In the 1850’s the South accounted for anywhere from 72 to 82% of U. S. exports. They were largely dependent, however, on Europe or the North for the manufactured goods needed for both agricultural production and consumer needs. Northern states received about 20% of the South’s agricultural production. The vast majority of export volume went to Europe. A protective tariff was then a substantial benefit to Northern manufacturing states, but meant considerable economic hardship for the agricultural South

Northern political dominance enabled Clay and his allies in Congress to pass a tariff averaging 35% late in 1824. This was the cause of economic boom in the North, but economic hardship and political agitation in the South. South Carolina was especially hard hit, the State’s exports falling 25% over the next two years. In 1828 in a demonstration of unabashed partisanship and unashamed greed the Northern dominated Congress raised the average tariff level to 50%. Despite strong Southern agitation for lower tariffs the Tariff of 1832 only nominally reduced the effective tariff rate and brought no relief to the South. These last two tariffs are usually termed in history as the Tariffs of Abomination.

This led to the Nullification Crisis of 1832 when South Carolina called a state convention and “nullified” the 1828 and 1832 tariffs as unjust and unconstitutional. The resulting constitutional crisis came very near provoking armed conflict at that time. Through the efforts of former U. S. Vice President and U. S. Senator from South Carolina, John C. Calhoun, a compromise was effected in 1833 which over a few years reduced the tariff back to a normal level of about 15%. Henry Clay and the Whigs were not happy, however, to have been forced into a compromise by Calhoun and South Carolina’s Nullification threat. The tariff, however, remained at a level near 15% until 1860. A lesson in economics, regional sensitivities, and simple fairness should have been learned from this confrontation, but if it was learned, it was ignored by ambitious political and business factions and personalities that would come on the scene of American history in the late 1850’s.

High protective tariffs were always the policy of the old Whig Party and had become the policy of the new Republican Party that replaced it. A recession beginning around 1857 gave the cause of protectionism an additional political boost in the Northern industrial states.

In May of 1860 the U. S. Congress passed the Morrill Tariff Bill (named for Republican Congressman and steel manufacturer, Justin S. Morrill of Vermont) raising the average tariff from about 15% to 37% with increases to 47% within three years. Although this was remarkably reminiscent of the Tariffs of Abomination which had led in 1832 to a constitutional crisis and threats of secession and armed force, the U. S. House of Representatives passed the Bill 105 to 64. Out of 40 Southern Congressmen only one Tennessee Congressman voted for it.

U. S. tariff revenues already fell disproportionately on the South, accounting for 87% of the total. While the tariff protected Northern industrial interests, it raised the cost of living and commerce in the South substantially. It also reduced the trade value of their agricultural exports to Europe. These combined to place a severe economic hardship on many Southern states. Even more galling was that 80% or more of these tax revenues were expended on Northern public works and industrial subsidies, thus further enriching the North at the expense of the South.

In the 1860 election, Lincoln, a former Whig and great admirer of Henry Clay, campaigned for the high protective tariff provisions of the Morrill Tariff, which had also been incorporated into the Republican Party Platform. Lincoln further endorsed the Morrill Tariff and its concepts in his first inaugural speech and signed the Act into law a few days after taking office in March of 1861. Southern leaders had seen it coming. Southern protests had been of no avail. Now the South was inflamed with righteous indignation, and Southern leaders began to call for Secession.

At first Northern public opinion as reflected in Northern newspapers of both parties recognized the right of the Southern States to secede and favored peaceful separation. A November 21, 1860, editorial in the Cincinnati Daily Press said this:
“We believe that the right of any member of this Confederacy to dissolve its political relations with the

others and assume an independent position is absolute.”

The New York Times on March 21, 1861, reflecting the great majority of editorial opinion in the North summarized in an editorial:

“There is a growing sentiment throughout the North in favor of letting the Gulf States go.”
Northern industrialists became nervous, however, when they realized a tariff dependent North would be competing against a free trade South. They feared not only loss of tax revenue, but considerable loss of trade. Newspaper editorials began to reflect this nervousness. Lincoln had promised in his inaugural speech that he would preserve the Union and the tariff. Three days after manipulating the South into firing on the tariff collection facility of Fort Sumter in volatile South Carolina, on April 15, 1861, Lincoln called for 75,000 volunteers to put down the Southern rebellion. This caused the Border States to secede along with the Gulf States. Lincoln undoubtedly calculated that the mere threat of force backed by more unified Northern public opinion would quickly put down secession. His gambit, however, failed spectacularly and would erupt into a terrible and costly war for four years. The Union Army’s lack of success early in the war, the need to keep anti-slavery England from coming into the war on the side of the South, and Lincoln’s need to appease the radical abolitionists in the North led to increasing promotion of freeing the slaves as a noble cause to justify what was really a dispute over just taxation and States Rights.

Writing in December of 1861 in a London weekly publication, the famous English author, Charles Dickens, who was a strong opponent of slavery, said these things about the war going on in America:
“The Northern onslaught upon slavery is no more than a piece of specious humbug disguised to

conceal its desire for economic control of the United States.”

“Union means so many millions a year lost to the South; secession means loss of the same millions to

the North. The love of money is the root of this as many, many other evils. The quarrel between the

North and South is, as it stands, solely a fiscal quarrel.”
Karl Marx, like most European socialists of the time favored the North. In an 1861 article published in England, he articulated very well what the major British newspapers, the Times, the Economist, and Saturday Review, had been saying:
“The war between the North and South is a tariff war. The war, is further, not for any principle, does

not touch the question of slavery, and in fact turns on the Northern lust for power.”
A horrific example of the damage that protective tariffs can exact was also seen in later history. One of the causes of the Great Depression of 1930-1939 was the Hawley-Smoot Act, a high tariff passed in 1930 that Congress mistakenly thought would help the country. While attempting to protect domestic industry from foreign imports, the unanticipated effect was to reduce the nation’s exports and thereby help increase unemployment to the devastating figure of 25%. It is fairly well known by competent and honest economists now that protective tariffs usually do more harm than good, often considerably more harm than good. However, economic ignorance and political expediency often combine to overrule longer-term public good. As the Uncivil War of 1861-5 proves, the human and economic costs for such shortsighted political expediency and partisan greed can be enormous.

The Morrill Tariff illustrates very well one of the problems with majoritarian democracy. A majority can easily exploit a regional, economic, ethnic, or religious minority (or any other minority) unmercifully unless they have strong constitutional guarantees that can be enforced, e. g., States Rights, Nullification, etc. The need to limit centralized government power to counter this natural depravity in men was recognized by the founding fathers. They knew well the irresistible tendencies in both monarchy and democracy for both civil magistrates and the electorate to succumb to the temptations of greed, self-interest, and the lust for power. Thus they incorporated into the Constitution such provisions as the separation of powers and very important provisions enumerating and delegating only certain functions and powers to the federal government and retaining others at the state level and lower. Such constitutional provisions including the very specific guaranty of States Rights and limits to the power of the Federal Government in the 10th Amendment are unfortunately now largely ignored by all three branches of the Federal Government, and their constant infringement seldom contested by the States.

The Tariff question and the States Rights question were therefore strongly linked. Both are linked to the broader issues of limited government and a strong Constitution. The Morrill Tariff dealt the South a flagrant political injustice and impending economic hardship and crisis. It therefore made Secession a very compelling alternative to an exploited and unequal union with the North.

How to handle the slavery question was an underlying tension between North and South, but one of many tensions. It cannot be said to be the cause of the war. Fully understanding the slavery question and its relations to those tensions is beyond the scope of this article, but numerous historical facts demolish the propagandistic morality play that a virtuous North invaded the evil South to free the slaves. Five years after the end of the War, prominent Northern abolitionist, attorney and legal scholar, Lysander Spooner, put it this way:

“All these cries of having ‘abolished slavery,’ of having ‘saved the country,’ of having ‘preserved the

Union,’ of establishing a ‘government of consent,’ and of ‘maintaining the national honor’ are all gross, shameless, transparent cheats—so transparent that they ought to deceive no one.”
Yet apparently many today are still deceived, are deliberately deceived, and even prefer to be deceived.

Unjust taxation has been the cause of many tensions and much bloodshed throughout history and around the world. The Morrill Tariff was certainly a powerful factor predisposing the South to seek its independence and determine its own destiny. As outrageous and unjust as the Morrill Tariff was, its importance has been largely ignored and even purposely obscured. It does not fit the politically correct images and myths of popular American history. Truth, however, is always the high ground. It will have the inevitable victory

In addition to the devastating loss of life and leadership during the War, the South suffered considerable damage to property, livestock, and crops. The policies of “Reconstruction” and “carpetbagger” state governments further exploited and robbed the South, considerably retarding economic recovery. Further, high tariffs and discriminatory railroad shipping taxes continued to favor Northern economic interests and impoverish the South for generations after the war. It is only in relatively recent history that the political and economic fortunes of the South have begun to rise.

One last point needs to be made. The war of 1861-65 was not a “civil” war. To call it the “Civil War” is not a historically accurate and honest use of language. It is the propaganda of the victors having attained popular usage. No one in the South was attempting to overthrow the U. S. government. Few Southerners had any interest in overthrowing their own or anyone else’s state governments. The Southern states had seen that continued union with the North would jeopardize their liberties and economic wellbeing. Through the proper constitutional means of state conventions and referendums they sought to withdraw from the Union and establish their independence just as the American Colonies had sought their independence from Great Britain in 1776 and for very similar reasons. The Northern industrialists, however, were not willing to give up their Southern Colonies. A more appropriate name for the uncivil war of 1861-65 would be “The War for Southern Independence.”

But had it not been for the Morrill Tariff there would have been no rush to Secession by Southern states and very probably no war. The Morrill Tariff of 1860, so unabashed and unashamed in its short-sighted, partisan greed, stands as an astonishing monument to the self-centered depravity of man and to its consequences. No wonder most Americans would like to see it forgotten and covered over with a more morally satisfying but largely false version of the causes of the Uncivil War.

ashevilletribune.com
 

FrancSevin

Proudly Deplorable
GOLD Site Supporter
Good Post.

I have ascribed to much of this perception about the civil war causes since my college days.

The spark that ignited the Civil war was not slavery but the election of Lincoln. That said, the issue of slavery was the strong undercurrent. Although not an equaly moral equivalent, one could compare it to our entitlment "Makers and Takers" struggle today.

If one reads contemporay accounts of the antibellum times these elements are prominent. But revisionists historians, the victors of the conflict, have painted over much of the event with the nobility of the War between the states, AKA Civil war, being about slavery, not economic competitions and regional politics.

In many ways not unlike our current struggles with perhaps Obamacare being theequivalent of slavery,such tensions exist now. Would the spark be Barry's re-election? I doubt ythat but it couldbe an assault onthe 2nd amendment, an aggressive regulationof some other sector of our economy, or brutaly high tax increases. Or, a total surpise.

The tension is there. The last election clearly suggests that. What will be the spark? Let us hope we never know the answer to that question.
 

jimbo

Bronze Member
GOLD Site Supporter
Good Post.

I have ascribed to much of this perception about the civil war causes since my college days.

The spark that ignited the Civil war was not slavery but the election of Lincoln. That said, the issue of slavery was the strong undercurrent. Although not an equaly moral equivalent, one could compare it to our entitlment "Makers and Takers" struggle today.

If one reads contemporay accounts of the antibellum times these elements are prominent. But revisionists historians, the victors of the conflict, have painted over much of the event with the nobility of the War between the states, AKA Civil war being about slavery, not economic competitions and regional politics.
I agree, Franc. The civil war period is probably the most misunderstood era in our countries history. Lincoln our most misunderstood President.
 

EastTexFrank

Well-known member
GOLD Site Supporter
Great post Bamby and interesting point of view Franc. Impeccable timing too because over dinner on Saturday night my neighbor and I were having this very same discussion.

My neighbor is extremely knowledgeable about the Civil War and his family's place and role in it and explained a few things to me of which I was unaware, primarily how Lincoln totally ignored and defied the Constitution. We can discuss that later after I do a lot more reading. His main contention however was that he could see the same conditions that precipitated the Civil War beginning to unfold in our society today.

I must admit that from my position of relative ignorance, he made a very powerful argument and again I'll admit that it also filled me with a feeling of some dread. I'll have to do a lot more research but I know the sentiment in my immediate area is that the present Washington government doesn't represent anything that the people here believe in. We'll just have to watch and see how things unfold.
 

baldy347

Active member
Thank you Bamby for the refresher. I had been taught this many years ago,but like a lot of unused stuff it rather settled in the dust in dormant corners of my mind.
 

FrancSevin

Proudly Deplorable
GOLD Site Supporter
We must remember that the slavery issue eventualy became the just cause.

Lincoln was beside himself with guilt over the disaster his decisions had wrought on the nation. His inner conflict was a simple failure of logic. Both the North and the south thought God was on their side. Yet both had opposing views and objectives. How could that be?
How couild God support both sides in the same battle?

He came to the conclusion that the war was brought upon the USA by an intentional direction of God, and blamed it on the fact that our founding was corrupted by the decision not to address slavery at the Constitutional signing.

Therefore, he seems to have justified the horrible conflict as a biblical event for the purpose of punishing our nation. The "Battle Hym of the Republic" written by the north halfway into the war,,,,says it all.

" As he died to make us holy let us die to make men free."
Thsthe crucible of the horrible conflict would burn that sin from our birthing.
And so,,,,Wa la!
The Cause sanctified by the Lord!

And with it all of the corruption and greed that started the conflict was washed away in the purifying waters of that noble idea.
 

tiredretired

The Old Salt
SUPER Site Supporter
Old post, but I wanted to give Bamby a Thanx for a great post!! Very informative and enlightening. :applause::applause:
 

Kane

New member
I was unaware, primarily how Lincoln totally ignored and defied the Constitution. We can discuss that later after I do a lot more reading.
We have to ask if Lincoln could have been successful with such Constitutional usurping in the daylight of a modern free press. I have my doubts.

Just as Hussein today attempts to make Congress and The Constitution irrelevant. Without an adversarial and instantaneous free press (ala the www. and FNC) he, too, could have unimpeded success in enacting a similar* transformation of American morals and law.






* - similar does not necessarily infer a transformation that is good for America.
.
 
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squerly

Supported Ben Carson
GOLD Site Supporter
I usually find myself fighting to focus when it takes me as long to read a post as the duration of the event the post is about. Not so today and I’m glad I took the time read it.

When I was be-in lernt on this subject (very early 60's), it was the effort to keep the states together that was the cause of the war and that slavery was the main contributing factor that was motivating the South to secede. I don’t remember tax’s coming into the equation ever.

Interesting post Bamby.
 

snowstorm

Active member
GOLD Site Supporter
August 20th, in 1866, is the day that president Andrew Johnson formally declared the Civil War over.
 

Paladin5467

New member
This is an excellent post, but slavery was an issue, large or small. I would think that its magnitude would be directly associated with what region was involved.
 

FrancSevin

Proudly Deplorable
GOLD Site Supporter
This is an excellent post, but slavery was an issue, large or small. I would think that its magnitude would be directly associated with what region was involved.
Few would argue that point. If they, did it would expose their ignorance's. Nothing destroys ignorance like a little reading, and it takes very little to understand the deep-water currents of the war between the states was the tension over slavery.

A tension BTW, not unique to the USA. Worldwide no, but the West certainly threw the concept of owning another human out the window and by the turn of the 20th century it was virtually gone on this side of the planet.
 
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